Abstract:
According to this health article four common medicines i.e 
1. Warfarin (Most common Brand Names are Marevan, Jantoven,Warfant and Coumadin), which is an anticoagulant drug.
2. Insulin which is commonly used by diabetic patients to contrl the disease, diabeties.
3. Antiaggregant (Antiplatelet drugs i.e Ticagrelor, Aspirin, Cilostazol) use to treat thrombus formation.
4. Oral Hypoglycemics i.e diabetes medication taken orally
causes 33%, 14%, 13%, 11% emergency hospitalization respectively.

Objective:
According to this medical information four drugs mentioned above causes up to 50% of cases relating to adverse effect hospitalizations in 100,000 older (i.e 80 or up) Americans.
Bleeding was considered the major complication With anticoagulants drugs . Insulin & other diabetes medicines caused about two third cases of confusion, seizures or loss of consciousness.

Design:
Working with nationally Representative database, researchers identified that more than 4900 cases of drug related adverse reactions occurred among people 65 of age and older from 2007 to 2009.

Setting or Place:
Dr.Daniel Budnitz conducted this research. He is  director of the "Centers for Disease Control & Prevention's medication safety program" USA.


Result:
Stopping the medication is not the solution. The right solution of this problem is the dosage adjustment specially among older patients. Regular monitoring of ADR's is also necessary.

suggestions:
epharmacy suggest you that work together with your doctor & pharmacist that you are taking these medication correctly.

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Abstract: 
According to British researchers failure of liver from unintentional excessive dose of paracetamol causes more deaths than intentional suicide efforts.

Objective: 
Experts have pointed out that the drug, paracetamol is effective against cold & flue only when it is taken in correct amount. 4g of paracetamol i.e 8 tablets of 500mg should b a maximum dose in a day.

Design: 
This study was led by Dr Kenneth Simpson along with his team. He analyzed data from more than 660 patients who had been admitted due to liver damage in Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.This was caused by paracetamol. More than 150 people (161 exactly) of avg.age of Forty years were found who had taken a very high doses. They were at great risk of dying than those who had taken a single overdose.
 
Participants: 
More than 660 patients of Edinburgh Royal Infirmary between the time period of 1992 & 2008. 

Setting or Place: 
Dr Simpson conducted this research.He is from Edinburgh University and Liver Transplant Unit of Scotland.

Result: 
Normal quantities of drug are broken down without any danger by the body but overdose can accumulate in liver, leading to irreversible damage. 

Conclusion:
epharmacy concluded from this health information that paracetamol is good in relieving pain but overdose should be avoided.

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Abstract:
In this medical information this is told that most of the people agree that sound of finger nails scratching against a chalk board is the most annoying voice. Even imagining this sound is awful.Now this medical research has given the scientific reasoning for this.

Objective:
Scratchy sound's frequency range is about 3000 Hertz. Our ear have a "terror zone" in the canal. This part of the ear is most responsive part of the ear. According to the researchers, “ear canal has a special biological structure which allow some sounds to be amplified. So it’s due to the shape of the ear.

Participants:

Healthy individuals.

Setting or place:

Christoph Rueter & Micheal Oehler (Germany) conducted this research. The former is the Musicologist in University Of Veinna and latter is from University  for Media & communication.

Design:

Ruter & Oehler designed a study in such a way that they produced 2 abhorrent voices i.e. high pitched sound of chalk on slate and fingernail voice on blackboard. Half of the participants were aware that from where the sound was coming from but the others were unaware.

Both groups showed similar physical response, which included a galvanic skin response, which is the modulation in the electrical conductance of skin.It is activated by alarm & can be measured by poly graph test. Those who were unaware about the origin of the sound judge the sound less unpleasant but they still did not like it. Hence it is suggested that human psychology is the main cause to make this noise so noxious.

Result:

epharmacy suggest you to close your eyes and try to think about something else before covering your ears,  when someone scratch up his nail on chalkboard.

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Abstract:
As we all agree that loosing weight is not an easy task, and maintaining the weight lose is quite challenging.  Australian scientists report that maintaining loss of weight for a significant period of time is very difficult.  

Objective:
In this medical information it is told that scientists from  University Of  Melbourne  reported that  those overweight or obese people  who lost up to 10% of their  body weight  and maintained the weigh off for about a year  still produced hunger inducing hormones  in large amount  which urge them to keep eating.

Setting or place:
Scientists from University Of Melbourne Australia conducted this study.

Participant:
50 people voluntarily took part in this health article.

Design:
USA reported that scientist gathered fifty people for ten week weight loss program. They consumed 500-550 calories per day and lost approximately thirty ponds during ten weeks. 33 participants lost the required weight i.e.; 10% & were ready for analysis after 1year.

At the end of the study it was noticed that people lost their weight after experiment.  But after 1 year of program they gained back about 50% of what they lost in the 10 weeks weight loss program. When scientist tested the blood they found that levels of hormone which controlled the appetite e.g. leptin and ghrelin was changed. That was the cause of increased appetite.

Dr. Lou Aronn, director of comprehensive weight loss program at New York Presbyterian Hospital, told that according to researchers’ body’s chemicals make it difficult to treat obesity.

Result:
As a result e-pharmacy suggests that do not blame the people for regaining of their weight. Because this is due to coordinated physiological system which push the weight back.

Researcher also said that if w s from history point of view it is not a surprising thing. When human’ early ancestor lost their weight, it threatened their survival, so that the body form a hormonal response to stop that happening.

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Abstract:
A group of degenerative inherited diseases which cause muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue is called Muscular dystrophy. There are many types of muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy  is fetal genetic mutation in 1 of every 3500 boys.This mutation can be diagnosed during child bearing( pregnancy) with the help of genetic studies. 

The patients of muscular dystrophy cannot produce protein called "Dystrophin" which keeps muscles strong. Boys feel problem in walking by 8 years of age. By their 19 they were on wheel chairs, and onward muscle function is so retarded that they die. If there is family history genetic counseling is advised.



Objective:
The main objective of this research was to improve the conditions of patients.Tivorsan Pharmaceuticals licensed rights from Brown University for the protein, biglycan, hope to prove potential therapy via clinical trials. Biglycan is a human protein,mainly found in tendons and bones.Biglycan in the presence of protein utrophin restore muscle strengthening.



Setting or Place:
Brown University in Rhode Island,United States.


Design:
This experiment was performed on mice who have similar genetic mutation as that of boys with muscular dystrophy. In experiments given in the paper, Fallon's team found that when they administered biglycan to the bloodstream, utrophin went into the cellular membranes of muscular cells. Utrophin protein help in building of cells and their strengthening.

Participants:
A group of Mice.

Results:
Mice treated with biglycan retain their muscular functions 50% more than untreated mice. The next big step is to test these results in humans.

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Abstract:
According to new health article Wnt signalling pathway  can cause hair pigmentation.This protein complex already has many proved roles in biological systems which in turn control many biochemical process between stem cells of  melanocytes  and hair follicles.

This medical research has been presented in NYU Langone Medical Center of New York city.Wnt signalling pathway is a network of proteins.This medical information suggest that manipulation of WNT signalling can be a strategy for targeting pigmentation such as graying hair. This research study also illustrates a model for tissue regeneration. The study provokes the possibility that WNT signalling pathway  is a key for the regulation of melanocyte stem cells and shows how melanocyte behavior is linked with hair regeneration.


Setting or place:
This research was lead by Dr. Mayumi lto,assistant professor in the Ronald O. Preleman Department of dermatology at NYU Langone.

Participants:
Research team used the Mouse as a models.

Design:
Researchers use mouse model to determine  how exactly this protein network( Wnt Signalling) enabled both stem cells of melanocytes and stem cells of hair follicle to act in a same fashion to generate hair colour and growth of hair. Deficiency of Wnt signalling in hair follicle stem cells involves in the stoppage of re-growth of hair but also stop the activation of melanocytes stem cell which is needed to produce colour of hair.The deficiency of this activation in stem cells of melanocyte resulted into de-pigmentation of hair which is gray hair.

Result:
It was concluded from this medical information that for regular process of melanocyte stem cells, Wnt signalling is a main regulatory system.and how melanocyte activity is linked with regeneration of hair.This detailed information is a our new understanding about the disease in which melanocyte either destroyed like in hair graying or have abnormal cell growth e.g melanoma.

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Abstract:
According to US researchers human body has alarm clock gene that wake up even if one has not set the bedside alarm.This biological clock increases our metabolism system early in the morning and start many biochemical and physiological functions that send signals to human body which indicate the wake up time and act just like an alarm.

Objective:
This medical information tells us about a new link which is responsible for our daily Circadian rhythm.This link was not present in previous molecular mechanisms.A protein which is called PERIOD (PER) is the central component of our biological clock.The number of this protein has different ups and downs in 24hr time period in every cells according to its type.Cells of our body use this indicator to tell the body about awake and sleep..

Setting or Place:
Satchidanada Panda led this research.He is an associate professor in Salk's Regulatory Biological Laboratory.He conducted his research with the help of A post doctoral research associate, Luciano DiTacchio, 

Design:
In this health article it described how the gene KDM5A encodes a protein, JARID1a, that serves as an activation switch in the biochemical circuit that maintains our circadian rhythm.

Result:
Discovery of this new gene and mechanism by which it starts the clock everyday may help explain the genetic underpinning of sleeplessness, ageing and chronic illness, like cancer and diabetes, and could finally lead to new therapies for these illnesses.

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Abstract:
Acne vulgaris is a skin disease.It is very common and effecting more than 75% of adults. According to new health article milk with lactoferrin protein  can reduce the acne problem.

Objective:
In this medical information it is told that the daily ingestion of lactoferrin enriched milk has therapeutic effect on Acne vulgaris. This is now a days using as an alternate therapy or as an adjunct with conventional therapies.

Setting or Place:
Dr.Yunhi Cho presented this research.He belongs from Korean university at Kyung Hee University in department Of Medical Nutrition.

Participants:
Two groups of people. One group consumed Lactoferrin-enriched milk and the other was group of those people who consumed non-enriched, fermented milk.

Design:
According to researcher who conducted the study, people who consumed Lactoferrin through fortified milk has reduced acne vulgaris. Their TLC(total lesion count) and ILC(inflammatory lesion count) dropped up to 19% after 3months.On the other hand there was no drop in ILC and acne grade in participants who took normal  fermented milk.

Result:
When matched with non-Lactoferrin group, the statistics showed a clear decreases in ILC upto 39%, acne grade by 20.5% and TLC an average 24%  .

Conclusion:
e-pharmacy has concluded from this medical information that Lactoferrin has great ability to decrease acne grade, triacylglycerol, acne lesion count and sebum content. Therefore this milk reduces the inflammation with P.acnes bacteria and  follicular plugging.

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Abstract:
Exercise can ease the arthritis. According to this new health article exercise (any kind of physical activity) has very constructive effects to reduce  symptoms of arthritis.It is very amazing that exercise can be beneficial for arthritis without significant decrease in  weight.

Participants:
This study was done on mice.

Design:
In this study researcher divided mice into 2 groups. Half were fed with normal diet and half had high fat diet . The high fat mice got extra weight.They had a decrease in their capability to metabolize glucose and they had very high level of  blood glucose that initiated the chronic inflammation.This inflammation, in turn,related with osteoarthritis (This is a disease which is characterized by degeneration of subchondral bone and articular cartilage) The damage to these parts ultimately resulted in joint stiffness and stabbing pain).

The researcher wanted to discover the relationship between high fat diet and osteoarthritis,and than find the protective effect of exercise. The result was astonishing, exercise reduced the symptoms of arthritis,when extra weight was the cause of arthritis. In fact  exercise actually helped and confirmed the relationship between obesity and physical activity!

Setting or Place:
this study was done at Duke University by Farshid Guilak, professor of orthopedic surgery.

Result:
As the result of many researches exercise impaired the inflammatory signals that were associated with arthritis.

Conclusion:
It is concluded from this medical information that for obese people with arthritis pain, exercise is very beneficial. Exercise will be first line therapy for the patients with arthritis pain if it will confirmed on human beings.

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Abstract:
Our Brain acts just like a muscle.The more we use it The sharper and stronger it works.According to new health article brain power can increase during our life time if we use our brains in a vigorous way and all the way.

Objective:
in this medical information it is also told it is our thinking at the present time that the intelligence level after the age of 50 depend upon the degree of mental and physical activity, as well as upon control of the health factors of the body. We are mainly responsible for the mental stat in which we find ourselves, or other find us, in latter life. To keep our brain alert it must be used. 

Participants:
A group of 275 men and women. Th age rang was 45 to 70.


Design:
Columbia University carried out most interesting study to monitor learning power of older persons. They enrolled thee group of people in a class to learn Russian. Thy all were unaware of the Russian. At first these old students showed negative attitude towards the project, behaving that they were too old to learn the language. After two months these people had covered as much as college students do in the semester.

Setting or Place:
This study was conducted in University Of Columbia.


Results:
As a result of many experiments it seems to be that there may b some slight slow down in speed of learning in latter years, but there is more accuracy, and that much loss of memory is due to the fact that some older people are just not so interested in remembering as they once were.



Conclusion:
The National Association For Mental Health says, "Mental slowdown does not go along with aging the same way as physical slowdown. Unless real disease prevent circulation in brain, mental slowdown is so slight, so extremely gradual that its hardly worth thinking about."


Suggestion:
All of us should discipline our brains with keen awareness and concentration and exercise if we are to remain youthful mental all through our lives. We cannot afford habitual abstraction, wool gathering or a lazy, disorganized mind.

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